Women and Men's Health

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Ovaries

Slide 24

Section of the ovary

1. Outer covering.  1'. Attached border.  
2. Central stroma.  3. Peripheral stroma.  
4. Bloodvessels.  5. Vesicular follicles in their earliest stage.  
6, 7, 8. More advanced follicles.  
9. An almost mature follicle.  
9'. Follicle from which the ovum has escaped.  
10. Corpus luteum.

Ovary

Capsule covered by modification of peritoneum

Called germinal epithelium
Simple squamous/cuboidal

Subdivided

Not clearly defined
Cortex - contains ovarian follicles
Medulla - vascular

Germinal epithelium

Misnomer
NOT source of primary follicles
Cover capsule
Simple squamous/cuboidal epithelium

Cortex

Tunica albuginea

Irregular dense CT capsule

Follicles in various phases
Stroma containing follicles

Stroma

Highly cellular loose CT
Fibroblasts
Elastic & collagen fibres
Form layers around follicles

Medulla

Blood vessels
Hilus cells
Stroma

Blood vessels

Enter medulla at hilus
Supply the cortex
Epithelioid cells clump around blood vessels

Epithelioid cells

Located in hilus
Also called hilus cells
Clump around blood vessels
≈ Leydig cells
Probably produces androgens

Follicular maturation

Primordial follicle
Growing follicle

Primary follicle
Secondary follicle

Mature follicle (Graafian)

Components of a follicle

Theca

externa
interna

basal lamina
Granulosa cells
Antrum
Cumulus oophorus >> Corona radiata
Oocyte

Growing follicle

Corpus luteum

Slide 91

Corpus luteum

Two major cell types

Granulosa lutein cells

modified granulosa cells

Theca lutein cells

modified theca interna cells

Many capillaries

Granulosa lutein cells

Modified granulosa cells
Large - 30µm
Pale cells

Theca lutein cells

Modified theca interna cells
Smaller - 15µm
Dark stained

Many capillaries

Tuba uterina

Slide 97

Also:

Oviduct
Fallopian tube
Uterine tube

Tuba uterina

Muscular tube
Most frequent site of fertilization
Conveys zygote to uterus
Four regions
Three layers

Four regions

Infundibulum
Ampulla

Usual site of fertilization

Isthmus
Pars interstitialis

Passes through wall of uterus

Three layers

Mucosa
Muscular layer
Serosa

Mucosa

Epithelium
Lamina propria

Epithelium

Simple columnar
2 types of cells
Peg cells

Secretory cell

Ciliated cells

Beats towards uterus
Facilitate movement of zygote to uterus

Lamina propria

Loose connective tissue
Reticular fibres
Fibroblasts
Mast cells
Lymphoid cells

Muscular layer

Ill-defined
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Play role in moving zygote towards uterus

Serosa

Simple squamous epithelium
Contains

Blood vessels
Lymphatics
Nerves

Uterus

Slide 88

Uterus

3 regions
3 layers

Three regions

Fundus
Body
Cervix

Three layers

Endometrium
Formation placenta
Myometrium

Enlarge during pregnancy
Expulsion fetus & placenta
Adventitia

Endometrium

Formation of placenta
Hormonally modulated cyclic alterations

menstrual cycle

Two layers

Thick superficial functional
Deeper basal layer
Separation indistinct

Endometrium

Epithelium

Simple columnar

Two cell types
Secretory

Ciliated

Glands
Similar but fewer ciliated

Endometrium Stroma

Mesenchymal-like CT
Reticular fibres
Stellate-shaped cells
Macrophages
Lymphoid elements
Functional layer
Basal layer

Functional layer

Thick superficial layer
Cyclic monthly hormonal changes

Basal layer

Thin deeper layer
Preserved during menstruation

Endometrial glands

Extend through basal layer
Source of cells to reestablish endometrium

Blood supply

Originate from myometrium
Helical arteries

Extend into functional layer

Straight arteries

Terminate basal layer

Menstrual cycle

Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Menstrual phase

Follicular phase

Epithelium reform
Proliferation of

Glands
Connective tissue
Blood vessels

Glands become coiled
Helical arteries 2/3 into endometrium

Luteal phase

Thickening endometrium

Edema
Endometrial gland secretion

Glands

Glandular cells at apex
Basal accumulation glycogen

Helical arteries reach superficial regions

Menstrual phase

Vasoconstriction

Ischaemia
Necrosis functional layer

Basal layer

No necrosis
Short straight vessels

Myometrium

Enlarge during pregnancy
Expulsion fetus & placenta
3 layers indistinct smooth

Inner longitudinal/oblique
Central circular

Large blood vessels
Stratum vasculare

Outer longitudinal/oblique

Adventitia

Or serosa
Covers myometrium

Cervix

Uterus projecting into vagina

Dense collagenous CT

Elastic fibres
Some smooth muscle fibres

Simple columnar epithelium
Transition to stratified squamous

Cervical glands

Vagina

Slide 90

Vagina

Fibromuscular tube with 3 layers

Inner mucosa
Middle muscle layer
External adventitia

Fibro = fibrous tissue

Muscular = muscle tissue

Tube = epithelium

Mucosa

Epithelium

Thick stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Lamina propria

Fibroelastic connective tissue
Rich in elastic fibres
Contains lymphoid elements
Deep portion highly vascular

No glands

Muscle layer

Thin inner circular
Thick outer longitudinal
External orifice ring of skeletal muscle

Adventitia

Fibroelastic connective tissue
Fixes onto surrounding structure
Blood vessels and nerves

Testis

Slide 84

Testis

Tunica albuginea
Lobuli
Seminiferous tubuli
Epididymus
Ductus deferens

Tunica albuginea

Thick fibrous CT capsule
Forms septae
Divide testis into lobuli

Lobuli

Pyramidal shaped compartments
Contain 1 - 4 seminiferous tubules each within
Meshwork of loose CT

AVN
Leydig cells

Leydig cells

Interstitial cells
Surrounded by rich AVL
Large round - polygonal shape with clear cytoplasm
Large central nucleus
Endocrine - testosterone

Seminiferous tubuli

Site of spermatozoa production
150 - 250 µm diameter
Complex stratified epithelium
Blood-testis barrier

Seminiferous epithelium

Two types of cells

Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells

4 - 8 cell layers thick
Forms the blood-testis barrier

Sertoli cells

Complex columnar shape
Basal lamina to lumen
Irregular outline

Envelope developing germ cells

Large pale nucleus with indentations & large nucleolus
Occludens junctions with adjacent cells
Establish blood-testis barrier

Barrier systems

Blood-air barrier - Membrane separating alveolar air from blood in lung capillaries
Blood-brain barrier - Semipermeable capillary border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the brain
Blood-ocular barrier - A physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the eye itself
Blood-retinal barrier - Part of the blood-ocular barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the retina
Blood-thymus barrier - A barrier formed by the continuous blood capillaries in the thymic cortex
Blood-testis barrier - A physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes